how many years were the israelites in captivity

Among those who accept a tradition (Jeremiah 29:10) that the exile lasted 70 years, some choose the dates 608 to 538, others 586 to about 516 (the year when the rebuilt Temple was dedicated in Jerusalem). families The Israelites were in captivity in Babylon for 70 years. The Israelites had always believed in one God, but it was during their time in Babylon that they began to develop a more formalized religion. As a result of Israels exile, the religion of Israel is dissolved and Judaism is born. In 586 BCE, the Babylonians conquered the kingdom of Judah, and the Israelites were forced into exile in Babylon. Do we have records of this or is the information you have in your article Happy New Year 5764! everything? (2 Chronicles 30:1). Noahs Flood: a Historical, Global Catastrophe. Ten years later, the Bible tells us, he returns. Shalmaneser (king of Assyria) invaded 4043). 15:29; 1 Chr. It put a stop to the old sin of idolatry; it was a time of great spiritual revival (Ezek. The Israelites were in captivity in Babylon for 70 years. 430 years in Egypt as described in deuteronomy, but the Israelites are still in captivity due to curses they have suffered also Like this post? Babylonian captivity - Wikipedia Ils seront prts vous guider pourque vous ralisiez le voyage de vos rves moindre cot. do If so, what about the passages that have 400 or 430 years? The Temple and palace were rifled of their treasures. And when Asa heard these words, even the prophecy of Oded the prophet, he took courage, and put away the detestable things out of all the land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities which he had taken from the hill-country of Ephraim; and he renewed the altar of the LORD, that was before the porch of the LORD. Why Seventy Years In Babylon During their persecution of Jerusalem in AD 70, the Romans also demolished the Temple and expelled the Jews. Their religious life was centered around this temple, where they sacrificed animals and presented their offerings to God. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Here's the chronology as Nous allons vous faire changer davis ! About 50 years in Babylon and about 400 years in Egypt. Some historians attribute the ease of Israel's defeat to the previous two decades of invasions, defeats, and deportations. [1] In the fourth year of Nebuchadnezzar II's reign, Jehoiakim refused to pay further tribute, which led to another siege of the city in Nebuchadnezzar II's seventh year (598/597 BCE) that culminated in the death of Jehoiakim and the exile to Babylonia of his successor Jeconiah, his court, and many others; Jeconiah's successor Zedekiah and others were exiled when Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Jerusalem in his 18th year (587 BCE), and a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar II's 23rd year (582 BCE). Only the Tribe of Levi continued in its temple role after the return. Copyright 2023. The indication is they had already left. The account of the captivity in 2 Kings 15:29 does not mention the Danites, or their towns or territories. A Babylonian captivity or exile refers to the time period when King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon imprisoned Jews. Each one of them had been interrupted by at least one time of judgment when the clock stopped temporarily. Comptent et serviable, il ne manquera pas de vous indiquer les adresses ne surtout pas louper tout en vous offrant un moment unique de partage. The Babylonian Captivity", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&oldid=1142469411, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Croisire en baie de Bai Tu Long en 3 jours vous permet de dcouvrir mieux cette merveille du monde. This was possibly also the period when synagogues were first established, for the Jews observed the Sabbath and religious holidays, practiced circumcision, and substituted prayers for former ritual sacrifices in the Temple. Tout au long de votreexcursion au Vietnam, un de nosguides francophonesvous accompagnera dans votre langue maternelle pour vous donner tous les prcieux dtails et informations sur les sites visits. WebAssyrian cuneiform states that 27,290 captives were taken from Samaria, [4] the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, by the hand of Sargon II . The Israelites experienced a great deal of hardship during their time in the Babylonian exile. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. ISRAEL E: info@vietnamoriginal.com, 27 rue Lydia, 33120, Arcachon, Bordeaux, France was kind Dpartpour Yen Bai via lancien village Duong Lam, balade pied dans ce charmant village, Ce voyage Vietnam Cambodge par le Mekong vous permet de dcouvrir un Delta du Mekong autrement, Approche solidaire respectueuse de lenvironnement. Sedecias (Zedekiah), an uncle of Joachin, was placed over the shadow of a kingdom remaining. Babylonian captivity Where Is The Babylonian Exile In The Bible Comment rserver un voyage un voyage avec Excursions au Vietnam ? 36:610; Jer. Nevertheless certain men of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem. [17]:308, A 2017 exhibition in Jerusalem displayed over 100 cuneiform tablets detailing trade in fruits and other commodities, taxes, debts, and credits accumulated between Jews forced or persuaded to move from Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BCE. Privacy Policy and 17:3), placing them at Halah, Habor, etc. [7][8], According to the Books of Chronicles chapter 9 verse 3, the Israelites, who took part in the Return to Zion, are stated to be from the Tribe of Judah alongside the Tribe of Simeon that was absorbed into it, the Tribe of Benjamin, the Tribe of Levi (Levites and Priests) alongside the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, which according to the Book of Kings 2 Chapter 7 were supposedly exiled by the Assyrians (the Biblical scholars Umberto Cassuto and Elia Samuele Artom claimed these two tribes' names to be a reference to the remnant of all Ten Tribes that was not exiled and absorbed into the Judean population). (Ezra 1:2), who permitted all worshippers of Jehovah to return and build the temple in Jerusalem. [22], The Cyrus Cylinder, an ancient tablet on which is written a declaration in the name of Cyrus referring to restoration of temples and repatriation of exiled peoples, has often been taken as corroboration of the authenticity of the biblical decrees attributed to Cyrus,[23] but other scholars point out that the cylinder's text is specific to Babylon and Mesopotamia and makes no mention of Judah or Jerusalem. WebThis chapter surveys Jeremiahs teachings and warnings to his people in the context of the impending Babylonian captivity. (2 Kings 17:36), The king of Assyria carried the Israelites away to Assyria, settled them in Halah, on the Habor, the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes, because they did not obey the voice of the LORD their God but transgressed His covenant all that Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded; they neither listened nor obeyed. The Israelites Following the Babylonians victory over the kingdom of Judah in 598 BC, the Jews were taken captive by Babylonia. Nabonidus ruled from 555 to 539 B.C.E., and the province that includes Judah is known by the Persian name of the province, the capital of which is Jerusalem. Babylonian Captivity | Definition, History, & Significance According to Susa records, the Judahites were royal courtiers. Sennacherib carried into Assyria 200,150 captives from Jewish cities (2Kgs. Tl: +84 913 025 122 (Whatsapp) They worshipped in their homes and in secret, and were careful to observe all the religious rites and customs prescribed by the Torah. 36:2428), a number of the Psalms being written during this period; and it led to a deepening reverence for the law of Moses, especially that part of it dealing with ritual observance. Vous avez bien des ides mais ne savez pas comment les agencer, vous souhaitez personnaliser une excursion au Vietnam et en Asie du Sud- EstRenseignez les grandes lignes dans les champs ci-dessous, puis agencez comme bon vous semble. Many centuries later, rabbis of the restored Kingdom of Judah were still debating the return of the lost ten tribes. They were imprisoned as a result of their countrys refusal to allow them to return home. Please follow the instructions we emailed you in order to finish subscribing. Read until the end, you will have your answer. May the Most High Bless you The bile didn't say that Israelites would be in captivity for 400 yrs. The period of the captivity had a lasting effect upon the Jewish people. In the seventh year, in the month of Kislev, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land, and encamped against the City of Judah and on the ninth day of the month of Adar he seized the city and captured the king. How Many Israelites Jacob and his family moved to Egypt, during the famine, 215 years after God s 17:24). Heres an overview of those captivities: Assyrian Captivity Assyrian Captivity: Israels first exile was to Assyria. Seventy Years in Babylon - Bible History The Captivity of Judah. - Bible Hub made the children of Israel Personal updates from Samantha. What was the Babylonian captivity/exile? | GotQuestions.org Despite the challenges, the Jewish community in Babylon remained strong and vibrant, and continued to contribute to Jewish life and culture. The Captivity and Deportation of Israel WebMost Christians are aware that the Israelites were carried into captivity, but many know little about the details. WebAbout 150 years later, Judah, in the south (known sometimes as the southern kingdom of Israel), was taken captive by the Babylonians. Sennacherib carried into Assyria 200,150 captives from Jewish cities ( 2 Kgs. Fifty chariots for my royal equipment I selected. [15], Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, his capture of King Jeconiah, his appointment of Zedekiah in his place, and the plundering of the city in 597 BCE are corroborated by a passage in the Babylonian Chronicles:[17]:293. 3 books of the Bible deal with Israels restoration after their 70 years of exile. Thank you for signing up to receive email newsletters from Answers in Genesis. More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! 17:6). Vous pensiez la Thalande envahie de touristes ? Nous rserverons pour vous un logement en adquation avec vos attentes de prestations. Nos excursions au Vietnam vous feronsdcouvrir les paysages couper le souffle du haut des sommets de Hoang Su Phiou dans lauthentique et spectaculaire Baie dHalong. 70 - 500 - Rabbinic Jewish the The texts detail the operations of a family that operated as an entrepreneur named Mura. In the late 7th century BCE, the Kingdom of Judah was a client state of the Assyrian empire. However, the Israelites did not give up. NOTES AND STUDIES - JSTOR Also, 430 years prior to the exodus is when Abraham first lived in Egypt. Your newsletter signup did not work out. Please refresh the page and try again. ISRAEL Even though the Babylonian captivity was a terrible event, it had a lasting and positive impact on the Jewish people. Throughout the 2 Chronicles and 2 Kings periods, much of the drama relates to the fall of the Northern Kingdom and Judah. Babylonian Captivity to 70 CE) Persian Rule", "Babylonian Ration List: King Jehoiakhin in Exile, 592/1 BCE", "Ancient tablets on display in Jerusalem reveal Jewish life during Babylon exile", "Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon", "Issues and Problems in the Contemporary Debate Regarding the Priestly Writings", "Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C." I carried away. 605 Daniel is taken captive and begins to Why did God send the Israelites into exile (captivity)? Grace thru Faith is a 501(c)3 non-profit. The proper approach, since it is Gods infallible Word, is to ask, Since this cannot be in error, how is my understanding in error?. The first Assyrian captivity began in 722 BC and lasted for 70 years. There we read of this deportation of Israel and, a few years later, most of Judah. CAPTIVITY it This site is protected by reCAPTCHA, and the Google The captivity formally ended in 538 bce, when the Persian conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Palestine. The first governor appointed by Babylon was Gedaliah, a native Judahite; he encouraged the many Jews who had fled to surrounding countries such as Moab, Ammon and Edom to return, and he took steps to return the country to prosperity. Many scholars cite 597 bce as the date of the first deportation, for in that year King Jehoiachin was deposed and apparently sent into exile with his family, his court, and thousands of workers. At this time the Israelites were taken captive to Babylon. Tiglath-pileser carried away the trans-Jordanic tribes and the inhabitants of Galilee ( 2 Kgs. The Babylonian Captivity and Daniels 70 Weeks. It was at this time that Daniel began to count the 70 years he had been captive to the time that he would be cut off from the Messiah. became Examples Of Dehumanization In Night By Elie Wiesel | Bartleby The Jewish people continued to worship God despite the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD by the Romans. of Egypt Jerusalem was besieged, but not taken. Zerubbabel led the people (539 B.C.). During their exile in Babylon, the Jews practiced religious practices in the texts below. Some estimates assume a captivity numbering in the hundreds of thousands, minus those who died in defense of the kingdom and minus those who fled voluntarily before and during the invasions. According to Genesis 46:27, Joseph and his family numbered 70 people when they moved to Egypt. the Many settled in what is now northern Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi were the Babylonian exiles three most important prophetic figures. Genesis 47:18-22. How many Israelites left Egypt (Ex 1: 20-21), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century_BC, "..Joseph bought all the land Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Captivities of the Israelites - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter He is surely slow to anger, and abounding in mercy (Psalm 103:8). King James Bible Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. At an early date Phnician trade was occurring between Palestine and the British Isles. WebThe northern 10-tribe kingdom lasted 257 years before it was destroyed by the Assyrians. My official (Tartan) I placed over them as governor. Finally, 70 years of captivity will come to an end, and the war will come to an end. and in all manner of service Who is Katy mixon body double eastbound and down season 1 finale? Floor 10th, Trico Building, 548 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Hanoi WebThe Flight of the Prisoners (1896) by James Tissot; the exile of the Jews from Canaan to Babylon. reveals that the nation of Israel began with him). Cyrus and Manekshaw: United by Faith and Glory by Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 350, Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province, History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire, "Second Temple Period (538 BCE. Other works from or about the exile include the stories in Daniel 16, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, the "Story of the Three Youths" (1 Esdras 3:15:6), and the books of Tobit and Book of Judith. During the Babylonian exile, Israel was a country in exile. One result of the Babylonian exile for the Israelites was that they began to see themselves as a distinct people separate from other nations. Were the ancients just not very good at math? Egypt, fearing the sudden rise of the Neo-Babylonian empire, seized control of Assyrian territory up to the Euphrates river in Syria, but Babylon counter-attacked. Once help Israel The four periods are 1) A short synopsis of this story is found in 2 Kings 18. Biblical depictions of the exile include Book of Jeremiah 3943 (which saw the exile as a lost opportunity); the final section of 2 Kings (which portrays it as the temporary end of history); 2 Chronicles (in which the exile is the "Sabbath of the land"); and the opening chapters of Ezra, which records its end. WebThe princes and leading men, the rank and file of the army, the citizens of wealth, and the artificers, numbering in all 10,000, were carried captive to Chaldea. - 587 BCE - Context of Ancient Israelite Religion. [10] The city fell on 2 Adar (March 16) 597 BCE,[11] and Nebuchadnezzar pillaged Jerusalem and its Temple and took Jeconiah, his court and other prominent citizens (including the prophet Ezekiel) back to Babylon. Hebrew 1 The Cyrus Cylinder is frequently regarded as a valuable extrabiblical evidence in the case of Cyrus decree in Ezra 1. (2Kgs. When Judah is restored, the two narrators, Nehemiah and ezirah, are present. Only 64 years pass from the time Joseph dies to when Moses is born.. Moses is placed in a basket and adopted by Pharaohs daughter. WebTimeline of Jewish History. [4][5] According to the biblical Book of Ezra, construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem began in c.537 BCE in the new Persian province of Yehud Medinata. As a result of this process, scribes and sages emerged as Jewish leaders. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. WebThe Babylonian Captivity lasted exactly 70 years as predicted, extending from the burning of the Temple to its reconstruction, 586 B.C. told Egypt In the process Josiah, the king of Judah, was killed in a battle with the Egyptians at the Battle of Megiddo (609 BCE). The Babylonian Captivity Jacob and his family moved to Egypt, during the famine, 215 years after Gods promise to Abraham. 538 BCE - 70 CE - Judaism After the Babylonian Exile. kill him: The Israelites lived under the dominion of other nations on four separate occasions in the Old Testament. Il vous est nanmoins possible de nous faire parvenir vos prfrences, ainsi nous vous accommoderons le, Etape 01 : Indiquez les grandes lignes de votre projet une conseillre, Etape 02 : Vous recevez gratuitement un premier devis, Etape 03 :Vous ajustez ventuellement certains aspects de votre excursion, Etape 04 :Votre projet est confirm, le processus des rservations est lanc, Etape 05 :Aprs rglement, vous recevez les documents ncessaires votre circuit, Etape 06 :Nous restons en contact, mme aprs votre retour. Short Answer: The Israelites were enslaved in Egypt for 400 years. Feedback: Is the Ark of the Covenant a Biblical Copy of the Egyptian Ark of the Contract? Download our eBooks to read on your computers, phone, tablet, or eReader. There is no contradiction or difficulty. [5] There is also evidence that significant numbers fled south to the Kingdom of Judah. The Assyrian captivity (or the Assyrian exile) is the period in the history of ancient Israel and Judah during which several thousand Israelites from the Kingdom of Israel were forcibly relocated by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. (1 Chronicles 9:3), The historical accuracy by the prophet Ezra is complete only when the details of the Apocrypha's 1st and 2nd Esdras are referenced, since this is where the complete history of the dispersion of the Northern Kingdom tribes is found. The Prophet Ezekiel Babylonian Captivity, also called Babylonian Exile, the forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the latters conquest of the kingdom of Judah in 598/7 and 587/6 bce. For if ye turn back unto the LORD, your brethren and your children shall find compassion before them that led them captive, and shall come back into this land; for the LORD your God is gracious and merciful, and will not turn away His face from you if ye return unto Him.' What was a blood covenant (Genesis 15:9-21)? "Israelite diaspora" redirects here. [12] Jehoiakim's uncle Zedekiah was appointed king in his place, but the exiles in Babylon continued to consider Jeconiah as their Exilarch, or rightful ruler. and grew..(Ex 1:12), And the Egyptians I carried away. where it says, The time that the people of Israel lived in Egypt was 430 years. Is this a contradiction, error, or difficulty? What are the 4 major sources of law in Zimbabwe. Today, the Babylonian captivity is regarded as one of the most significant historical events in Jewish history, and it is commemorated each year on Passover. (1) Of Israel: In 740B.C. All of these events are considered significant to the developed history and culture of the Jewish people, and ultimately had a far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism. Ezra returned later with more Jews (458 B.C.) For example, the current Hebrew alphabet was adopted during this period, replacing the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. Pub. Try downloading another browser like Chrome or Firefox. (Ex 1:15-17), So God WebIt is also important to note that while the Bible says that the Israelites were in Egypt for 430 years, other biblical contexts indicate that they remained in the country for a shorter time. A closer look into Scripture, itself, will reveal a simple and definitive answer. WebCaptivities of the Israelites. WebThe most notable find in recent years was the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ancient Jewish manuscripts that were discovered in Israel near the Dead Sea community of Qumran in 1946. Table 1: Timeline showing dates from Gods promise to Abraham to the exodus from Egypt. the Sargon records his first Genesis: Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Pentateuch by John Goldingay. The Iraqi Jewish, Persian Jewish, Georgian Jewish, and Bukharan Jewish communities are believed to derive their ancestry in large part from these exiles; these communities have now largely immigrated to Israel.[6][7]. How holy is Jerusalemreally? Judaism, Christianity and Islam live. The best way to view our articles and Q&A. This article is about the period in Jewish history. Daniel, a Jew, was taken captive by the Babylonians in the sixth century BC and the 70 years that followed began as a result of his captivity. Many commentators over the years have tried to explain these differences with various ideas. [18][19] One of the tablets refers to food rations for "Yau-knu, king of the land of Yahudu" and five royal princes, his sons. Updates? WebThe captivity of Judah was accomplished by three distinct invasions of the Babylonians and covered a period of twenty years. Profitez de nos circuits pour dcouvrir le Myanmar, mystrieux et mystique. They were then divided into smaller groups. Web605 Nebuchadnezzar becomes king of Babylon. Biblical scholars such as Umberto Cassuto and Elia Samuele Artom claimed that Hezekiah might have annexed these territories, in which inhabitants of the Kingdom of Israel remained, into his own kingdom. became Pharaoh's. Why did God send the Israelites to Egypt for 400 years (Genesis [20], Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian forces returned in 589 BCE and rampaged through Judah, leaving clear archaeological evidence of destruction in many towns and settlements there. During the period of 1944 - 1945, a man by the name of Elie Wiesel was one of the millions of Jews that were experiencing the wrath of Hitlers destruction 605 First wave of deportation of Jews to Babylon. Vos retours contribuent cet change et ce partage qui nous tiennent tant cur, tout en nous permettant dvoluer, de nous perfectionner. How many times were the Israelites in captivity? increased King Cyrus said, Rebuild the temple. But the context of the book as a whole is primarily addressed to Israel, which was already in captivity when Ezekiel was written. The degree to which the Jews looked upon Cyrus the Great as their benefactor and a servant of their God is reflected at several points in the Hebrew Biblee.g., at Isaiah 45:13, where he is actually called Gods anointed. In the end, the 70 years of captivity will be completed, and the captives will be released. "[31], This process coincided with the emergence of scribes and sages as Jewish leaders (see Ezra). They continued to practice their religion and to maintain their cultural identity. The Babylonian exile was a time of great hardship for the Israelites. (The holiday was set one month forward from its original date.) [30] Israeli philosopher and Biblical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann said "The exile is the watershed. and again in 586B.C. So, Moses rounding off dates seems meaningless considering his knowledge, not to mention his attention to detail when it came to chronologies. Assyrian & Babylonian Captivity & Exile of Israel & Judah Map 24:14; 25:11; 2Chr. Cyrus let most of the Jews return to their land of Israel. And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and them that sojourned with them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and out of Simeon; for they fell to him out of Israel in abundance, when they saw that the LORD his God was with him. Licence professionnelle : 0124/TCDL - GPLHQT - Licence d'tat : 0102388399, Par le biais de ce site, nous mettons votre disposition lensemble des, Les transports sont gnralement assurs soit en voiture, en bus, en train ou bien en bateau. E:info@vietnamoriginal.com, Suite B11.25, River Gate Residence, 151-155 Ben Van Don St, Dist 4 Return The Assyrians took them captive in 721 B.C. The release of the Jews from their captivity in Babylon and their return to the land of Canaan was also prophesied centuries before it took place: Internet Explorer is no longer supported. When we think of the children or people of Israel we typically think of Jacob, his 12 sons, and their descendants. How long was the Israelites in captivity? When the Jews were finally allowed to return to their homeland in 1948, they rebuilt Jerusalems Temple. And the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and brought no present to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison. the After Nebuchadnezzar was defeated in battle in 601 BCE by Egypt, Judah revolted against Babylon, culminating in a three-month siege of Jerusalem beginning in late 598 BCE. Christians should be aware of the Babylonian captivity during Israels history. So there was great joy in Jerusalem; for since the time of Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in Jerusalem. These are usually the questions that pop into our minds when we come across a passage of Scripture that we dont understand or maybe disagree with. [29], In the Hebrew Bible, the captivity in Babylon is presented as a punishment for idolatry and disobedience to Yahweh in a similar way to the presentation of Israelite slavery in Egypt followed by deliverance. So the descendants of Jacob were there for 215 years, before the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. Most frequently the term "Babylon" meant the diaspora prior to the destruction of the Second Temple. Nous proposons des excursions dune journe, des excursions de 2 5 jours et de courts longs circuitspourque vous puissiez dcouvrir des sites magnifiques et authentiques du Vietnam et d'Asie du Sud- Est, aussi pourque vous puissiez avoir des ides pour prparer au mieux votresejour au Vietnam. The Babylonian Exile is regarded as one of the most important periods in Jewish history, as it occurred during the expulsion of Jews from Judea.

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