from the cape to cairo cartoon analysis

To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. A poster headlined A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time, probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The word "Civilization" (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. Illus. title not id. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. "MOJ 75-A 495": intended for microfilm. 6 reviews. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries benevolently assimilated by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. Mott, Frank Luther. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. , 1902. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.ChineseJournal of International Politics1 (1) pp. | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Activity: Imperialism Cartoons - The World - G.E. Beasley From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. The North American Review. - https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. From the Cape to Cairo. A rescue expedition made up of troops from eight nations, under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour, left Tianjin for Beijing. Cecil John Rhodes | South African History Online N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. Civilization & Barbarism: "The White Man's Burden" (1898-1902) John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. On November 29, 1892, while on a visit to London, Rhodes made a speech in which he dramatically announced that he intended to extend the Colony's telegraphic connections across the entire continent - not only to Lake Tanganyika and Uganda, but through the fundamentalist Islamic Sudan and all the way to British Cairo. And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. Keppler rendered this as Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices, with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 377. Cape to Cairo: the Rhodes Colossus Author: Sambourne, Edward Linley Description: The idea of a connection between the southernmost and northernmost seabords of Africa was held for several decades as the Cape-to-Cairo fantasy, notably by Cecil Rhodes. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. Source:Library of Congress. in: Puck, v . Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. Source:Library of Congress. The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Pages. The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published by Life in April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. The angel of peace and caption suggest that their joint strength will bring about world peace. A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. such as microfilm or copy prints? Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. Geopolitics, Vol. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. View Rhodes_cartoon_analysis+FINAL.docx from HIS 123 at Duval Charter School at Baymeadows. Language. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. 12, Issue 1, pp. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. This will help reinforce what you've already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. Good Will to Nobody., The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. From road troubles to the political plight, those who brave this journey will leave the continent a true child of the soil. Explain your reasoning. Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue of Puck. This will help reinforce what youve already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as The U.S. appears to be carried by the Philippines, Great Britain by India, and Germany by Africa. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. Much of Africa would now be days rather than weeks away from London while Cecil Rhodes' old dream of a 'Cape to Cairo' connection had become a reality. Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. Prints and Photographs division. - In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. Think It Over. - Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. Published in Punch Magazine 28, November 1906. First created by the Frenkel brothers in 1935, who, despite their limited . Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). Backed by the formidable Royal Navy, Britain could maintain a policy of splendid isolation independent of European alliances for much of the century. This special issue of LAssiette au Beurre drew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. John Bull Good 'evins! Appelbaum, Stanley. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902 Puck graphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. What are the motivations/justifications for this anti-imperialism? Painting carried a portfolio inscribed Light. In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. site.). Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. He was the fifth son of Francis William Rhodes and his second wife, Louisa Peacock. https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. As the U.S. moved into the Pacific, Chinas millions represented an enticing new market, but the eruption of the anti-Christian, anti-foreign Boxer movement threatened the civilizing mission there. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsia-Pacific Journal, Vol. MIT Visualizing Cultures Periodicals like Life in the U.S. (predecessor to the later famous weekly of the same title), as well as French and German publications, printed both poignant and outraged visual arguments against the imperialist tide, often with acute sensitivity to its racist underpinnings. - Terms of Use The countries have been jumbled to align them with American or British imperialistic interests. - For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. These more critical graphics did not exist in a vacuum. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. This video provides an in depth analysis of a GCSE History cartoon from the event surrounding the signing of the Treaty of Versailles (after WW1). In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. J. Ottmann Lith. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. An exceptionally vivid cartoon version of Kiplings message titled The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) was published in Judge on April 1, 1899. Almost exactly eight years subsequent to this cartoon's publication, former president Theodore Roosevelt emerged from a long safari in Africa and, invited to speak in Cairo, Egypt, lectured the British about proper colonial administration -- "or leave Egypt. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. Although applicable for all exam boards the. 1900. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. The cover featuring an illustration from Le Petit Journal, 1913. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. England, a caricature, multiples hands over countries, Top hat, 2000s stereotypical villain, water, lands countries. Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the At the same time, however, the suppression of The War Prayer helps highlight the courage and critical edge that many political cartoonists brought to the very same subject of spreading death and destruction in the name of civilization and progress. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. Thomas Theodor Heine. 2 vols. Klein, Thoralf. Hawaii and Porto Rico are model female students. [1] [2] The project was never completed. This cartoon is a virtual poster, or an emblem, of the colonialist mentality of the day. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. - PICRYL Public Domain Search 13, No. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. Hurst and Blackett. Translated from Russian. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. The foothold in the Philippines brought China within reach. Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. Edit. , 1902. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. Purpose In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. White man's burden--1900-1910, - The distance from Capetown to Cairo, as the crow flies, is about 4200 miles. Presentation: History of Egyptian Animation and how BAKKAR the animated The Cape Town To Cairo Tour Remains One Of Travel's Pinnacle - Forbes Driven by competition with each other and economic pressures at home, the worlds major powers ventured to ever-distant lands to spread their religion, culture, power, and sources of profits. The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns in Pucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine C Theodore Roosevelt critiques a chapter of Elbert F. Baldwin's book, The World War: How it Looks t A bruised John Bull offers a "Tonic" of "Financial Help" and "Liberal Treatment" to an injured and Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim.

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