This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Thirst. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). . A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. Confusion. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. 23. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. c. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. a. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Fever. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes.

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